ABSTRACT
Runt-related transcription factor 2 [RUNX2] and osterix [OSX] as two specific osteoblast transcription factors and distal-less homeobox 5 [DLX5] as a non-specific one are of paramount importance in regulating osteoblast related genes including osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein [BSP], osteopontin and collagen type I?1. The present study sets out to investigate whether epigenetic regulation of these genes is important in osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]. In this experimental study, MSCs were differentiated to osteoblasts under the influence of the osteogenic differentiation medium. DNA and RNA were extracted at days 0, 7, 14 and 21 from MSCs differentiating to osteoblasts. Promoter regions of RUNX2, OSX, DLX5 and BSP were analyzed by methylation-specific PCR [MSP]. Gene expression was analyzed during osteoblastic differentiation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction [PCR]. MSP analysis revealed that promoter methylation status did not change in RUNX2, DLX5 and BSP during MSC osteoblastic differentiation. In contrast, OSX promoter showed a dynamic change in methylation pattern. Moreover, RUNX2, OSX, DLX5 and BSP promoter regions showed three different methylation patterns during MSC differentiation. Gene expression analyses confirmed these results. The results show that in differentiation of MSCs to osteoblasts, epigenetic regulation of OSX may play a leading role
ABSTRACT
Zoledronic acid as a main treatment for osteoporosis has an important role in differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. However, mechanism of osteoblastic differentiation induction by zoledronic acid is not well understood until now. In this research we evaluate zoledronic acid effect on methylation status of RUNX2 and DLX5 promoters. After isolation and expansion of hMSCs from BM, they were pulse treated with 5 micro M ZA for 3h, and incubated in osteogenic differentiation medium for 3 weeks. DNA was extracted after first, second and third weeks of culture and also from undifferentiated MSCs. After SBS treatment, gene specific methylation analysis for RUNX2 and DLX5 were carried out by MSP using methylated and unmethylated primers. In the genes RUNX2 and DLX5, M and U primers of MSP amplified promoter regions of undifferentiated and osteoblastic differentiated MSCs. Therefore, methylation status in RUNX2 and DLX5 promoters present incomplete methylation. Methyltion patterns of RUNX2 and DLX5 don't change during zoledronic acid osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs. Our findings show that zoledronic acid does not induce osteoblastic differentiation via epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, zoledronic acid can induce osteoblastic differentiation in a manner independent from DNA epigenetic changes
ABSTRACT
Osteoblasts arise from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs] present in the bone marrow stroma and undergo further differentiation to osteocytes or bone cells. Many factors such as proteins present in the Wnt signaling pathway affect osteoblast differentiation. ROR2 is an orphan tyrosine kinase receptor that acts as a co-receptor in the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway. However, ROR2 has been shown to be regulated by both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, ROR2 expression increases during differentiation of MSCs to osteoblasts and then decreases as cells differentiate to osteocytes. On the other hand, research has shown that ROR2 changes MSC fate towards osteoblasts by inducing osteogenic transcription factor OSTERIX. Here we speculated whether ROR2 gene expression regulation during osteoblastogenesis is epigenetically determined. MSCs from bone marrow were isolated, expanded and characterized in vitro according to standard procedures. ROR2 promoter methylation status was determined using methylation specific PCR in a multipotent state and during differentiation to osteoblasts. We determined that the demethylation process in ROR2 promoter occurs during the differentiation process. The process of demethylation begins at day 8 and continues until 21 days of differentiation. This result is in concordance with previous works on the role of ROR2 on osteoblast differentiation, which have shown an upregulation of ROR2 expression during this process
Subject(s)
Humans , Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Cell Differentiation , Methylation , In Vitro TechniquesABSTRACT
Replacment of CD133+ cell's beta globin gene by using a gene targeting construct containing the beta globin gene and essential elements for homologous recombination. pFBGGT was amplified, then digested using the NheI and XhoI restriction enzymes, and finally, a 13.3 kb band [naked DNA] was extracted from the agarose gel. Biological activity of positive and negative selection markers were checked by transfection of COS-7 cells with linear plasmid. Hematopoietic stem cells [HSCs] were separated and transfected with linear plasmids using lipofection followed by positive and negative selection. Polymerase chain reaction [PCR] were done on DNA from the selected cells and the products were sequenced. The results of biological activity assays showed that selection markers were active. PCRs for hygromycin, neomycin and joining segments were positive but PCRs for TK1 and TK2 genes were negative. Sequencing PCR product joining segment confirmed the formation of homologous recombination. In this novel strategy gene replacement was achieved and biological activities of its components were observed